Raw and Dry Feeding in Cats and Dogs Between Food and Conventional Feeding Differences, Similarities, Benefits, Damages

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.64614/vzs-19

Keywords:

BARF, cat, dog, raw and dry feeding

Abstract

BARF (Biologically Appropriate Raw Food) is a nutritional approach based on feeding dogs and cats raw meat, internal organs, bones, and sometimes non-heat-treated animal products such as dairy products or eggs. In recent years, this diet has gained popularity among pet owners, particularly in Europe; in some countries, this proportion exceeds 50%. BARF diets have become commercially available and are also available from the market. Furthermore, the most common are those prepared by pet owners using recipes. However, there are risks associated with homemade foods. Homemade foods often do not meet official nutritional guidelines, thus posing a risk of nutrient imbalances and related diseases. If pet owners choose to follow a BARF diet with their own recipes, it is important to ensure that the balanced diet, based on the recipe, is prepared by a pet nutritionist. This is crucial to avoid feeding errors such as nutrient deficiencies or excesses (especially macrominerals, trace elements, and vitamins). Although BARF diets offer high digestibility and natural ingredients, they require careful and scientifically sound evaluation due to the risk of nutritional imbalance, microbiological contamination, and zoonotic transmission.

References

Baran, M.S. (2007). Kedi ve Köpeklerin Beslenmesi. İstanbul Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi 33(3), 89-99.

Bohaychuk, V.M., Gensler, G.E., King, R.K., Manninen, K.I., Sorensen, O., Wu, J.T., Stiles, M.E., & McMullen, L.M. (2006). Occurrence of pathogens in raw and ready-to-eat meat and poultry products collected from the retail marketplace in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. Journal of Food Protection, 69, 2176-2182.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.4315/0362-028X-69.9.2176

Brozic, D., Mıkulec Z., Duricic, D., Samardzija, M., & Valpotic, H. (2020). Raw meat-based diet (BARF) in dogs and cats nutrition. Ветеринарскижурнал Републикесрпске, 19(2), 314-321.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.7251/VETJEN1902314B

Budağ, C. (2016). Evcil kedi (Felis silvertris catus) ve evci kedilerin beslenmesi. Türkiye Klinikleri Dergisi, 1(1), 90-102.

Crissey S.D., Swanson J.A., Lintzenich B.A., Brewer B.A., & Slifka K.A. (1997). Use of a raw meat-based diet or a dry kibble diet for sand cats (Felis margarita). Journal of Animal Science, 75, 2154-2160.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2527/1997.7582154x

Davies, R., Lawes, J., & Galler, A. (2019). Raw diets for dogs and cats: a Review, with particular reference to microbiological hazards. The Journal of Small Animal Practice, 60(6), 329-339.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jsap.13000

Dillitzer N., Becker N., & Kienzle E. (2011): Intake ofminerals, trace elements and vitamins in bone and raw food rations in adult dogs. British Journal of Nutrition, 106, 53-56.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114511002765

Dzanis D.A. (1994) The Association of American Feed Control Officials Dog and Cat Food Nutrient Profiles: substantiation of nutritional adequacy of complete and balanced pet foods in the United States. The Journal of Nutrition. 124 (12 Suppl). 2535-2539.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/124.suppl_12.2535S

FEDIAF (2019) Code of Good Labelling Practice for Pet Food. 1-78 p.

Finley R., Reid-Smith R., Weese J.S., & Angulo F.J. (2006). Human health implications of Salmonella-contaminated natural pet treats and raw pet food. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 42, 686-691.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/500211

Freeman L.M., Chandler M.L., Hamper B.A., & Weeth L.P. (2013). Current knowledge about the risks and benefits of raw meat-based diets for dogs and cats. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 243, 1549-1558.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.243.11.1549

Hamper, B.A., Bartges, J.W. & Kirk, C.A. (2017). Evaluation of two raw diets vs a commercial cooked diet on feline growth. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery, 19, 424-434.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1098612X16634388

Heinze, C.R., Gomez, F.C., & Freeman, L. M. (2012). Assessment of commercial diets andrecipes for home-prepared diets recommended for dogs with cancer. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 241, 1453-1460.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.241.11.1453

Hellgren, J., Hâstö, L.S., Wikström, C., Fernström, L., & Hansson, I. (2019). Occurrence of Salmonella, Campylobacter, Clostridium and Enterobacteriaceae in raw meat-based diets for dogs. Veterinary Record, 184(14), 442.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.105199

İnal, F., Özbilgin, A., Alataş, M.S., Kahraman, O., & Gürbüz, E. (2017). Köpek Mamalarında Kullanılan Tahıllarda Isıl İşlemin Nişastanın Jelatinize Olması ve Sindirilebilirliği Üzerine Etkisi. Eurosian Journal of Veterinary Sciences, 33(4), 214-221.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.15312/EurasianJVetSci.2017.163

Jouanne M, Oddoux S, Noël A, Voisin-Chiret A.S. (2021). Nutrient Requirements during Pregnancy and Lactation. Nutrients, 13(2), 692. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13020692

Kerr, K.R., Vester Boler, B.M., Morris, C.L., Liu, K.J., & Swanson, K.S. (2012). Apparent total tract energy and macronutrient digestibility and fecal fermentative end-product concentrations of domestic cats fed extruded, raw beef-based, and cooked beef-based diets. Journal Animal Science, 90, 515-522.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2010-3266

Kim, J., An, J.U., Kim, W., Lee, S, Cho, S. (2017). Differences in the gut microbiota of dogs (Canis lupus familiaris) fed a natural diet or a commercial feed revealed by the Illumina MiSeq platform. Gut Pathogens, 9, 68.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13099-017-0218-5

Kohler, B., Stengel, C., & Neiger, R. (2012). Dietary hyperthyroidism in dogs. Journal of Small Animal Practice. 53, 182-184.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-5827.2011.01189.x

Kukanich, K.S. (2011). Update on Salmonella spp contamination of pet food, treats, and nutritional products and safe feeding recommendations. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 238, 1430- 1434.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.238.11.1430

Küçük, O. (2024). Kedi ve Köpek diyetleri. Pratik Kedi ve Köpek Besleme-Beslenme Hastalıkları. 3. Baskı. Nobel Tıp Kitapevleri.

Lejeune J.T., & Hancock D.D. (2001). Public health concerns associated with feeding raw meat diets to dogs. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 219, 1222-25.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.2001.219.1222

Lenz J., Joffe D., Kauffman M., Zhang Y., & Lejeune J. (2009). Perceptions, practices, and consequences associated with foodborne pathogens and the feeding of raw meat to dogs. The Canadian Veterinary Journal, 50, 637-643.

Leonard E.K., Pearl D.L., Finley R.L., Janecko N., Peregrine A. S., Reid-Smith R.J., & Weese J.S. (2011). Evaluation of pet-related management factors and the risk of Salmonella spp. carriage in pet dogs from volunteer households in Ontario (2005-2006). Zoonoses Public Health, 58, 140-149.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1863-2378.2009.01320.x

McGrath J, Duval S.M., Tamassia L.F.M., Kindermann M., Stemmler R.T., de Gouvea V.N., Acedo T.S., Immig I., Williams S.N., Celi P. (2018). Nutritional strategies in ruminants: A lifetime approach, Research in Veterinary Science, 116, 28-39.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rvsc.2017.09.011

Montes de Oca M.A.R., Ferreira L.G., Lima R.R., Gonçalves T.M., Saad, F.M.O.B., Zangeronimo M.G. (2017). Prediction equations for metabolizable and digestible energy in feline diets, Animal Feed Science and Technology, 228, 91-101.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2017.04.004

Morgan S.K., Willis S., & Shepherd M.L. (2017). Survey of owner motivations and veterinary input of owners feeding diets containing raw animal products. Peer Journals, 5, e3031.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.3031

Morley P.S., Strohmeyer R.A., Tankson J.D., Hyatt D.R., Dargatz D.A., & Fedorka-Cray P.J. (2006). Evaluation of the association between feeding raw meat and Salmonella enterica infections at a Greyhound breeding facility. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 228, 1524-1532. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.228.10.1524

NRC (2006). Nutrient requirements of dogs and cats. National Academies Press. Washington, DC.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.17226/10668

Noyan, A. (1980). Sindirim sistemi. Fizyoloji Ders Kitabı. Eskişehir: Anadolu Üniversiteleri Yayınları, No: 2, 555-558s.

Oğuz, K. (2016). Kedi ve Köpeklerin Bakım ve Beslenmesi ile Beslenmeye Bağlı Bazı Problemler ve Davranışlar Arasındaki İlişkiler. Doktroa Tezi, Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü. Hatay, Türkiye. 71s.

Or, M.E. (2019). Köpek Beslenmesinde Kullanılan Kuru Mamalar ile Çeşitli Hastalıkların Tedavisinde Kullanılan Diyet Mamaların Element Düzeyleri Açısından Karşılaştırılması. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Trakya Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü. Edirne, Türkiye. 61s.

Reece, W.O. (2012). Sindirim ve Emilim. Ed: W.O. Reece, M. Özcan, Ü. Çötelioğlu. Evcil Hayvanların Fonksiyonel Anatomisi ve Fizyolojisi. Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık. 360-373.

Schlesinger D.P., & Joffe D.J. (2011). Raw food diets in companion animals: a critical review. The Canadian Veterinary Journal. 52, 50-54.

Shurson G.C., Dierenfeld E.S., Dou Z. 2023. Rules are meant to be broken - Rethinking the regulations on the use of food waste as animal feed, Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 199, 107273.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2023.107273

Taylor M.B., Geiger D.A., Saker K.E., & Larson M.M. (2009). Diffuse osteopenia and myelopathy in a puppy fed a diet composed of an organic premix and raw ground beef. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 234, 1041-1048.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.234.8.1041

Thompson, H.C., Cortes, Y., Gannon, K., Bailey, D., & Freer, S. (2012). Esophageal foreign bodies in dogs: 34 cases (2004-2009). Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care, 22, 253-261.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1476-4431.2011.00700.x

Weese, J.S., Rousseau, J., & Arroyo, L. (2005). Bacteriological evaluation of commercial canine and feline raw diets. The Canadian Veterinary Journal, 46, 513-516.

Yıldız, K. (2021). BARF Besleme: Köpek ve Kedilerde Parazit Hastalıkları Bakımından Taşıdığı Riskler. Veteriner Farmakoloji ve Toksikoloji Derneği Bülteni, 12(3), 142-144.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.38137/vftd.975514

Published

2025-12-25

How to Cite

Yücel, A., & Yıldız, G. (2025). Raw and Dry Feeding in Cats and Dogs Between Food and Conventional Feeding Differences, Similarities, Benefits, Damages. Veterinary and Zootechnical Sciences, 1(2), 201–214. https://doi.org/10.64614/vzs-19