Retraction & Correction

A published article may be retracted when there is clear evidence of serious ethical misconduct or major scientific problems, including but not limited to:

• Fabrication or falsification of data;
• Plagiarism;
• Duplicate or redundant publication;
• Unethical research or publication practices;
• Major errors that invalidate the findings or conclusions of the article.

Authors may request the withdrawal of a manuscript before publication by submitting a written request to the Editorial Office. Such requests are subject to editorial evaluation and approval.

Once an article has been published, it cannot be withdrawn solely at the request of the author(s). Retraction after publication will be considered only when justified by scientific or ethical reasons and in accordance with the recommendations of the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE).

Retraction decisions are made following a thorough editorial investigation. A retraction notice will remain permanently linked to the original article, which will remain accessible as part of the scholarly record and will be clearly marked as "Retracted."